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rigo system chêneau  (German company)

 
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    German company rigo system chêneau
    Jacques <t>Chêneau</t> in Bad Sobernheim (Germany) circa 1998. Photo by Sanomed
    Rigo System Chêneau, supplied by German company, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/rigo system chêneau/product/German company
    Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    rigo system chêneau - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
    90/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace"

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Jacques Chêneau in Bad Sobernheim (Germany) circa 1998. Photo by Sanomed
    Figure Legend Snippet: Jacques Chêneau in Bad Sobernheim (Germany) circa 1998. Photo by Sanomed

    Techniques Used:

    Chêneau classification recognized two types: three curves and four curves, corresponding to simple structural and double structural. This classification was introduced early in the 1990s but considered insufficient later by some expert clinicians
    Figure Legend Snippet: Chêneau classification recognized two types: three curves and four curves, corresponding to simple structural and double structural. This classification was introduced early in the 1990s but considered insufficient later by some expert clinicians

    Techniques Used:

    This adolescent was first seen with a right thoracic curve measuring 35°. She was recommend wearing a Chêneau-type brace and received a totally wrong designed brace (deficient four-curve design for her three-curve pattern). The X-ray in brace showed an increased angle of 48° with a change in the curve pattern, adding on the curve some lumbar vertebrae due to the inexplicably strong left thoracolumbar pad. The girl was recommended to continue wearing the wrong brace with no modifications. One year later, a new X-ray out-brace showed a curve progression to 55° Cobb. The persistence of the original curve pattern, demonstrated the improper action of the left thoracolumbar pad, real cause of a temporary in-brace adding on phenomenon
    Figure Legend Snippet: This adolescent was first seen with a right thoracic curve measuring 35°. She was recommend wearing a Chêneau-type brace and received a totally wrong designed brace (deficient four-curve design for her three-curve pattern). The X-ray in brace showed an increased angle of 48° with a change in the curve pattern, adding on the curve some lumbar vertebrae due to the inexplicably strong left thoracolumbar pad. The girl was recommended to continue wearing the wrong brace with no modifications. One year later, a new X-ray out-brace showed a curve progression to 55° Cobb. The persistence of the original curve pattern, demonstrated the improper action of the left thoracolumbar pad, real cause of a temporary in-brace adding on phenomenon

    Techniques Used:

    This figure shows the corrective principles for a single long-low thoracic curve with the apical vertebra still in the main-low thoracic region (described later as A1 type in Rigo classification): “regional derotation” and “three-point system.” The region of the trunk affected by the single structural curve is over-derotated to the left (yellow line A) throughout a dorsal-lateral pad and a ventral pad, against the two caudal and cranial regions. Pelvis and lower lumbar regions (B + D) are fixed in the frontal plane of reference (0° of rotation). The pelvis section of the brace is asymmetric, with the lateral-dorsal part opened in the right side and supported by left lumbar contact as well as anterior abdominal contact. The proximal thoracic region (C) is also fixed in the frontal plane of reference with a dorsal left counter-rotation pad. A left lateral to medial pad acts in the proximal thoracic region as the third proximal point of the “three-point system.” The lateral component of the dorsal-lateral pad is the second point, on the right side. The left pelvis section together with the lateral component of the left lumbar support acts as the first caudal point of the system. The brace provides a left lateral-dorsal and a ventral right expansion rooms to facilitate breathing expansion and growth. The dorsal-lateral and anterior pads forming the pair of forces for derotation work both at the same level (maximum force at the apical level). This original design—A1 type—has shown to produce the highest percentage of in-brace correction
    Figure Legend Snippet: This figure shows the corrective principles for a single long-low thoracic curve with the apical vertebra still in the main-low thoracic region (described later as A1 type in Rigo classification): “regional derotation” and “three-point system.” The region of the trunk affected by the single structural curve is over-derotated to the left (yellow line A) throughout a dorsal-lateral pad and a ventral pad, against the two caudal and cranial regions. Pelvis and lower lumbar regions (B + D) are fixed in the frontal plane of reference (0° of rotation). The pelvis section of the brace is asymmetric, with the lateral-dorsal part opened in the right side and supported by left lumbar contact as well as anterior abdominal contact. The proximal thoracic region (C) is also fixed in the frontal plane of reference with a dorsal left counter-rotation pad. A left lateral to medial pad acts in the proximal thoracic region as the third proximal point of the “three-point system.” The lateral component of the dorsal-lateral pad is the second point, on the right side. The left pelvis section together with the lateral component of the left lumbar support acts as the first caudal point of the system. The brace provides a left lateral-dorsal and a ventral right expansion rooms to facilitate breathing expansion and growth. The dorsal-lateral and anterior pads forming the pair of forces for derotation work both at the same level (maximum force at the apical level). This original design—A1 type—has shown to produce the highest percentage of in-brace correction

    Techniques Used:

    This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks or regions for a four-curve pattern. This is called B type in Rigo classification. This type is characterized by a lumbosacral compensatory curve. The trunk is consequently divided into four blocks or regions, translated and rotated one against the other, collapsed on the concavities and expanded on the convexities. The three upper blocks, lumbar or thoracolumbar, main thoracic and proximal thoracic are imbalanced to the left according to the most caudal pelvic block (including this last the central sacral line). Pelvis is translated to the right according to the polygon of sustentation, so right hip joint is in relative adduction in comparison with left hip joint. This description corresponds to a “right 4C or B type.” The mirror case exists for a left convex thoracic curve combined with right lumbar or thoracolumbar and it is called “left 4C or B type”
    Figure Legend Snippet: This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks or regions for a four-curve pattern. This is called B type in Rigo classification. This type is characterized by a lumbosacral compensatory curve. The trunk is consequently divided into four blocks or regions, translated and rotated one against the other, collapsed on the concavities and expanded on the convexities. The three upper blocks, lumbar or thoracolumbar, main thoracic and proximal thoracic are imbalanced to the left according to the most caudal pelvic block (including this last the central sacral line). Pelvis is translated to the right according to the polygon of sustentation, so right hip joint is in relative adduction in comparison with left hip joint. This description corresponds to a “right 4C or B type.” The mirror case exists for a left convex thoracic curve combined with right lumbar or thoracolumbar and it is called “left 4C or B type”

    Techniques Used: Blocking Assay, Comparison

    This figure shows four different brace designs. All of them are physiological at the middle sagittal plane but their very market asymmetric design makes them appear very different when observed from one side or the other. First one is an A1 type, second is A2, third is B1, and last E1 (names according to the Rigo classification and brace design)
    Figure Legend Snippet: This figure shows four different brace designs. All of them are physiological at the middle sagittal plane but their very market asymmetric design makes them appear very different when observed from one side or the other. First one is an A1 type, second is A2, third is B1, and last E1 (names according to the Rigo classification and brace design)

    Techniques Used:

    The counter-rotation pad (component 2 of the proximal pad), in all the braces with a classical proximal pad, has to be perpendicular to the transversal plane when observed from the side. The brace is physiological in the middle sagittal plane but on the left side (for right thoracic/left lumbar) the sagittal profile is hyper-lordotic at the lumbar region, hyper-kyphotic at the main thoracic region, and flat and vertical at the proximal, with the counter-rotation pad acting as stopping point. Many orthotists build Chêneau-type brace with this point tilted to ventral, like shown in the figure, but this is a wrong design. When this wrong design is used in a Chêneau-type brace with its classical lumbar lordotic and ventral shapes, the sagittal configuration of the spine shall not be normalized like it is pretended with this proximal pad inclination, but contrary, the main thoracic spine will become even more lordotic and failing in the counter-rotation effect, it will appear a structural proximal curve, which will become rapidly hype-kyphotic. According to our observations, using this wrong design is associated to kyphotization of the proximal thoracic region and the thoracolumbar junction. Inclination of the upper part of the brace, looking for a kyphotization of the main thoracic scoliotic spine, has been used by other concepts, and it could work properly when combined with different forces, but not with the forces provided with a classical Chêneau-type brace
    Figure Legend Snippet: The counter-rotation pad (component 2 of the proximal pad), in all the braces with a classical proximal pad, has to be perpendicular to the transversal plane when observed from the side. The brace is physiological in the middle sagittal plane but on the left side (for right thoracic/left lumbar) the sagittal profile is hyper-lordotic at the lumbar region, hyper-kyphotic at the main thoracic region, and flat and vertical at the proximal, with the counter-rotation pad acting as stopping point. Many orthotists build Chêneau-type brace with this point tilted to ventral, like shown in the figure, but this is a wrong design. When this wrong design is used in a Chêneau-type brace with its classical lumbar lordotic and ventral shapes, the sagittal configuration of the spine shall not be normalized like it is pretended with this proximal pad inclination, but contrary, the main thoracic spine will become even more lordotic and failing in the counter-rotation effect, it will appear a structural proximal curve, which will become rapidly hype-kyphotic. According to our observations, using this wrong design is associated to kyphotization of the proximal thoracic region and the thoracolumbar junction. Inclination of the upper part of the brace, looking for a kyphotization of the main thoracic scoliotic spine, has been used by other concepts, and it could work properly when combined with different forces, but not with the forces provided with a classical Chêneau-type brace

    Techniques Used:

    This figure shows the clinical picture and the modified Schroth’s schema of blocks for the functional three-curve pattern (3C). This functional pattern is called in Rigo classification A type. From observation of the clinical picture, the trunk can be here divided into three blocks or regions, with the main thoracic region affected by the main structural thoracic curve and the lower and upper trunk affected by both upper and lower compensations. The three consequent blocks are translated and rotated one against the other, collapsed on the concavities and expanded on the convexities. The main thoracic and proximal thoracic blocks are imbalanced to the right side according to the lower lumbo-pelvic block (including this last the central sacral line). The lumbo-pelvic block is translated to the left according to the polygon of sustentation, with the left hip joint in a relative adduction in comparison with the right hip joint. In case there is a lumbar structural curve, this is still coupled to the pelvis. The schema of blocks offers to the clinicians, physiotherapists, and orthotists a clear composition of the scoliotic phenomenon in 3D and can be taken as a guide for the 3D correction. When the main thoracic curve is convex to the right, the used term is “right 3D or right A type.” The mirror case exists and it is called “left 3C or A type”
    Figure Legend Snippet: This figure shows the clinical picture and the modified Schroth’s schema of blocks for the functional three-curve pattern (3C). This functional pattern is called in Rigo classification A type. From observation of the clinical picture, the trunk can be here divided into three blocks or regions, with the main thoracic region affected by the main structural thoracic curve and the lower and upper trunk affected by both upper and lower compensations. The three consequent blocks are translated and rotated one against the other, collapsed on the concavities and expanded on the convexities. The main thoracic and proximal thoracic blocks are imbalanced to the right side according to the lower lumbo-pelvic block (including this last the central sacral line). The lumbo-pelvic block is translated to the left according to the polygon of sustentation, with the left hip joint in a relative adduction in comparison with the right hip joint. In case there is a lumbar structural curve, this is still coupled to the pelvis. The schema of blocks offers to the clinicians, physiotherapists, and orthotists a clear composition of the scoliotic phenomenon in 3D and can be taken as a guide for the 3D correction. When the main thoracic curve is convex to the right, the used term is “right 3D or right A type.” The mirror case exists and it is called “left 3C or A type”

    Techniques Used: Modification, Functional Assay, Blocking Assay, Comparison

    This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks for the so-called non 3-non 4 curve pattern. This is called C type in Rigo classification. The trunk is also here divided into three blocks, like in A type, but there is a minimum translation and rotation of the main thoracic block against the two compensatory lower and upper bocks, which are both well-balanced on the polygon of sustentation. The main thoracic block is collapsed on the concavity and expanded on the convexity. The lower block can be also mildly collapsed on the concavity when there is a structural lumbar curve. The description on the figure is about thoracic curve convex to the side and is called “Right N3–N4 or C type.” The mirror case exists and it is called “left N3–N4 or C type”
    Figure Legend Snippet: This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks for the so-called non 3-non 4 curve pattern. This is called C type in Rigo classification. The trunk is also here divided into three blocks, like in A type, but there is a minimum translation and rotation of the main thoracic block against the two compensatory lower and upper bocks, which are both well-balanced on the polygon of sustentation. The main thoracic block is collapsed on the concavity and expanded on the convexity. The lower block can be also mildly collapsed on the concavity when there is a structural lumbar curve. The description on the figure is about thoracic curve convex to the side and is called “Right N3–N4 or C type.” The mirror case exists and it is called “left N3–N4 or C type”

    Techniques Used: Blocking Assay

    This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks for the functional type defined by a single structural lumbar or thoracolumbar curve. This is called E type in Rigo classification. The trunk is also here divided into three blocks, but the term “3C” here is not a proper one according to the adopted terminology. In fact, looking at the lumbo-pelvic region, E type correlate better with “4C.” Pelvis and lumbar or thoracolumbar region are uncoupled, like in “B type.” Proximal to the lumbar or thoracolumbar curve, there is a unique block more or less symmetric. Trunk imbalance is to the side of the lumbar or thoracolumbar convexity and pelvis is prominent on the concave lumbar or thoracolumbar side. The two lower blocks are translated and rotated one against the other, collapsing in both concavities
    Figure Legend Snippet: This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks for the functional type defined by a single structural lumbar or thoracolumbar curve. This is called E type in Rigo classification. The trunk is also here divided into three blocks, but the term “3C” here is not a proper one according to the adopted terminology. In fact, looking at the lumbo-pelvic region, E type correlate better with “4C.” Pelvis and lumbar or thoracolumbar region are uncoupled, like in “B type.” Proximal to the lumbar or thoracolumbar curve, there is a unique block more or less symmetric. Trunk imbalance is to the side of the lumbar or thoracolumbar convexity and pelvis is prominent on the concave lumbar or thoracolumbar side. The two lower blocks are translated and rotated one against the other, collapsing in both concavities

    Techniques Used: Functional Assay, Blocking Assay

    The third 3C compatible curve pattern is the composite “major main thoracic”/“minor lumbar.” Both curves are structural but lumbar is a more flexible, minor, probably secondary curve. This is called A3 type and the second radiological criteria to confirm 3C is the TP offset to the convex thoracic side, like in A1 and A2 types. Due to the lumbar structural curve, it is wrongly taken like 4C by many Chêneau followers, but a structural lumbar curve is not criterion enough to decide about using a 4C brace design. It can be combined, like most of types by a primary or secondary or iatrogenic proximal thoracic curve
    Figure Legend Snippet: The third 3C compatible curve pattern is the composite “major main thoracic”/“minor lumbar.” Both curves are structural but lumbar is a more flexible, minor, probably secondary curve. This is called A3 type and the second radiological criteria to confirm 3C is the TP offset to the convex thoracic side, like in A1 and A2 types. Due to the lumbar structural curve, it is wrongly taken like 4C by many Chêneau followers, but a structural lumbar curve is not criterion enough to decide about using a 4C brace design. It can be combined, like most of types by a primary or secondary or iatrogenic proximal thoracic curve

    Techniques Used:

    This figure shows the corrective principles for a classic single structural thoracic curve with no lumbar or mild lumbar functional curve and spinal imbalance to the convex thoracic side (defined later as A2 type in Rigo classification). “Regional derotation” affects the main thoracic region against the lumbo-pelvic region and the proximal thoracic region. The main thoracic pad (level A) is narrower than in the previous case (A1 type). Consequently, the lumbar support (level D) is wider that in the previous case. Pelvic section is asymmetric also but closed on both sides, with a short left pelvic pad (just infra-iliac) and a right counter-trochanter pad (just supra-trochanter, with a specific shape to fix down the right trochanter. This pelvic design provides a stable fixation and level of the pelvis in the frontal plane. Proximal region is exactly like in the previous case (see Fig. ). A1 and A2 type are both considered functionally three-curve scoliosis (see Rigo classification), so these two designs are also called “three curves brace design“ (3C). When a main structural thoracic curve is associated to a structural curve (always minor and more functional) and spinal balance is still to the convex thoracic side we still classify as three curves functional type or A3 type in Rigo classification. The design for A3 is like A2, just with a stronger lumbar support. A2 type design uses a main “three-point system” and a secondary “three-point system,” formed by the most caudal counter-trochanter pad, the medium left pelvic + lumbar support and the cranial right thoracic pad
    Figure Legend Snippet: This figure shows the corrective principles for a classic single structural thoracic curve with no lumbar or mild lumbar functional curve and spinal imbalance to the convex thoracic side (defined later as A2 type in Rigo classification). “Regional derotation” affects the main thoracic region against the lumbo-pelvic region and the proximal thoracic region. The main thoracic pad (level A) is narrower than in the previous case (A1 type). Consequently, the lumbar support (level D) is wider that in the previous case. Pelvic section is asymmetric also but closed on both sides, with a short left pelvic pad (just infra-iliac) and a right counter-trochanter pad (just supra-trochanter, with a specific shape to fix down the right trochanter. This pelvic design provides a stable fixation and level of the pelvis in the frontal plane. Proximal region is exactly like in the previous case (see Fig. ). A1 and A2 type are both considered functionally three-curve scoliosis (see Rigo classification), so these two designs are also called “three curves brace design“ (3C). When a main structural thoracic curve is associated to a structural curve (always minor and more functional) and spinal balance is still to the convex thoracic side we still classify as three curves functional type or A3 type in Rigo classification. The design for A3 is like A2, just with a stronger lumbar support. A2 type design uses a main “three-point system” and a secondary “three-point system,” formed by the most caudal counter-trochanter pad, the medium left pelvic + lumbar support and the cranial right thoracic pad

    Techniques Used: Functional Assay



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    Image Search Results


    Jacques Chêneau in Bad Sobernheim (Germany) circa 1998. Photo by Sanomed

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Jacques Chêneau in Bad Sobernheim (Germany) circa 1998. Photo by Sanomed

    Article Snippet: To clarify, some orthotists improperly use the name RSC when building their own Chêneau-type braces following these current principles; it exists in a CAD CAM version—a commercial product with the registered name of Rigo System Chêneau or RSC®—which uses a German company to reproduce braces from a library of original plaster moulds designed by the main author (MR), so the name RSC should not be used by those creating their own custom-made versions of the Rigo-Chêneau-type brace.

    Techniques:

    Chêneau classification recognized two types: three curves and four curves, corresponding to simple structural and double structural. This classification was introduced early in the 1990s but considered insufficient later by some expert clinicians

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Chêneau classification recognized two types: three curves and four curves, corresponding to simple structural and double structural. This classification was introduced early in the 1990s but considered insufficient later by some expert clinicians

    Article Snippet: To clarify, some orthotists improperly use the name RSC when building their own Chêneau-type braces following these current principles; it exists in a CAD CAM version—a commercial product with the registered name of Rigo System Chêneau or RSC®—which uses a German company to reproduce braces from a library of original plaster moulds designed by the main author (MR), so the name RSC should not be used by those creating their own custom-made versions of the Rigo-Chêneau-type brace.

    Techniques:

    This adolescent was first seen with a right thoracic curve measuring 35°. She was recommend wearing a Chêneau-type brace and received a totally wrong designed brace (deficient four-curve design for her three-curve pattern). The X-ray in brace showed an increased angle of 48° with a change in the curve pattern, adding on the curve some lumbar vertebrae due to the inexplicably strong left thoracolumbar pad. The girl was recommended to continue wearing the wrong brace with no modifications. One year later, a new X-ray out-brace showed a curve progression to 55° Cobb. The persistence of the original curve pattern, demonstrated the improper action of the left thoracolumbar pad, real cause of a temporary in-brace adding on phenomenon

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: This adolescent was first seen with a right thoracic curve measuring 35°. She was recommend wearing a Chêneau-type brace and received a totally wrong designed brace (deficient four-curve design for her three-curve pattern). The X-ray in brace showed an increased angle of 48° with a change in the curve pattern, adding on the curve some lumbar vertebrae due to the inexplicably strong left thoracolumbar pad. The girl was recommended to continue wearing the wrong brace with no modifications. One year later, a new X-ray out-brace showed a curve progression to 55° Cobb. The persistence of the original curve pattern, demonstrated the improper action of the left thoracolumbar pad, real cause of a temporary in-brace adding on phenomenon

    Article Snippet: To clarify, some orthotists improperly use the name RSC when building their own Chêneau-type braces following these current principles; it exists in a CAD CAM version—a commercial product with the registered name of Rigo System Chêneau or RSC®—which uses a German company to reproduce braces from a library of original plaster moulds designed by the main author (MR), so the name RSC should not be used by those creating their own custom-made versions of the Rigo-Chêneau-type brace.

    Techniques:

    This figure shows the corrective principles for a single long-low thoracic curve with the apical vertebra still in the main-low thoracic region (described later as A1 type in Rigo classification): “regional derotation” and “three-point system.” The region of the trunk affected by the single structural curve is over-derotated to the left (yellow line A) throughout a dorsal-lateral pad and a ventral pad, against the two caudal and cranial regions. Pelvis and lower lumbar regions (B + D) are fixed in the frontal plane of reference (0° of rotation). The pelvis section of the brace is asymmetric, with the lateral-dorsal part opened in the right side and supported by left lumbar contact as well as anterior abdominal contact. The proximal thoracic region (C) is also fixed in the frontal plane of reference with a dorsal left counter-rotation pad. A left lateral to medial pad acts in the proximal thoracic region as the third proximal point of the “three-point system.” The lateral component of the dorsal-lateral pad is the second point, on the right side. The left pelvis section together with the lateral component of the left lumbar support acts as the first caudal point of the system. The brace provides a left lateral-dorsal and a ventral right expansion rooms to facilitate breathing expansion and growth. The dorsal-lateral and anterior pads forming the pair of forces for derotation work both at the same level (maximum force at the apical level). This original design—A1 type—has shown to produce the highest percentage of in-brace correction

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: This figure shows the corrective principles for a single long-low thoracic curve with the apical vertebra still in the main-low thoracic region (described later as A1 type in Rigo classification): “regional derotation” and “three-point system.” The region of the trunk affected by the single structural curve is over-derotated to the left (yellow line A) throughout a dorsal-lateral pad and a ventral pad, against the two caudal and cranial regions. Pelvis and lower lumbar regions (B + D) are fixed in the frontal plane of reference (0° of rotation). The pelvis section of the brace is asymmetric, with the lateral-dorsal part opened in the right side and supported by left lumbar contact as well as anterior abdominal contact. The proximal thoracic region (C) is also fixed in the frontal plane of reference with a dorsal left counter-rotation pad. A left lateral to medial pad acts in the proximal thoracic region as the third proximal point of the “three-point system.” The lateral component of the dorsal-lateral pad is the second point, on the right side. The left pelvis section together with the lateral component of the left lumbar support acts as the first caudal point of the system. The brace provides a left lateral-dorsal and a ventral right expansion rooms to facilitate breathing expansion and growth. The dorsal-lateral and anterior pads forming the pair of forces for derotation work both at the same level (maximum force at the apical level). This original design—A1 type—has shown to produce the highest percentage of in-brace correction

    Article Snippet: To clarify, some orthotists improperly use the name RSC when building their own Chêneau-type braces following these current principles; it exists in a CAD CAM version—a commercial product with the registered name of Rigo System Chêneau or RSC®—which uses a German company to reproduce braces from a library of original plaster moulds designed by the main author (MR), so the name RSC should not be used by those creating their own custom-made versions of the Rigo-Chêneau-type brace.

    Techniques:

    This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks or regions for a four-curve pattern. This is called B type in Rigo classification. This type is characterized by a lumbosacral compensatory curve. The trunk is consequently divided into four blocks or regions, translated and rotated one against the other, collapsed on the concavities and expanded on the convexities. The three upper blocks, lumbar or thoracolumbar, main thoracic and proximal thoracic are imbalanced to the left according to the most caudal pelvic block (including this last the central sacral line). Pelvis is translated to the right according to the polygon of sustentation, so right hip joint is in relative adduction in comparison with left hip joint. This description corresponds to a “right 4C or B type.” The mirror case exists for a left convex thoracic curve combined with right lumbar or thoracolumbar and it is called “left 4C or B type”

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks or regions for a four-curve pattern. This is called B type in Rigo classification. This type is characterized by a lumbosacral compensatory curve. The trunk is consequently divided into four blocks or regions, translated and rotated one against the other, collapsed on the concavities and expanded on the convexities. The three upper blocks, lumbar or thoracolumbar, main thoracic and proximal thoracic are imbalanced to the left according to the most caudal pelvic block (including this last the central sacral line). Pelvis is translated to the right according to the polygon of sustentation, so right hip joint is in relative adduction in comparison with left hip joint. This description corresponds to a “right 4C or B type.” The mirror case exists for a left convex thoracic curve combined with right lumbar or thoracolumbar and it is called “left 4C or B type”

    Article Snippet: To clarify, some orthotists improperly use the name RSC when building their own Chêneau-type braces following these current principles; it exists in a CAD CAM version—a commercial product with the registered name of Rigo System Chêneau or RSC®—which uses a German company to reproduce braces from a library of original plaster moulds designed by the main author (MR), so the name RSC should not be used by those creating their own custom-made versions of the Rigo-Chêneau-type brace.

    Techniques: Blocking Assay, Comparison

    This figure shows four different brace designs. All of them are physiological at the middle sagittal plane but their very market asymmetric design makes them appear very different when observed from one side or the other. First one is an A1 type, second is A2, third is B1, and last E1 (names according to the Rigo classification and brace design)

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: This figure shows four different brace designs. All of them are physiological at the middle sagittal plane but their very market asymmetric design makes them appear very different when observed from one side or the other. First one is an A1 type, second is A2, third is B1, and last E1 (names according to the Rigo classification and brace design)

    Article Snippet: To clarify, some orthotists improperly use the name RSC when building their own Chêneau-type braces following these current principles; it exists in a CAD CAM version—a commercial product with the registered name of Rigo System Chêneau or RSC®—which uses a German company to reproduce braces from a library of original plaster moulds designed by the main author (MR), so the name RSC should not be used by those creating their own custom-made versions of the Rigo-Chêneau-type brace.

    Techniques:

    The counter-rotation pad (component 2 of the proximal pad), in all the braces with a classical proximal pad, has to be perpendicular to the transversal plane when observed from the side. The brace is physiological in the middle sagittal plane but on the left side (for right thoracic/left lumbar) the sagittal profile is hyper-lordotic at the lumbar region, hyper-kyphotic at the main thoracic region, and flat and vertical at the proximal, with the counter-rotation pad acting as stopping point. Many orthotists build Chêneau-type brace with this point tilted to ventral, like shown in the figure, but this is a wrong design. When this wrong design is used in a Chêneau-type brace with its classical lumbar lordotic and ventral shapes, the sagittal configuration of the spine shall not be normalized like it is pretended with this proximal pad inclination, but contrary, the main thoracic spine will become even more lordotic and failing in the counter-rotation effect, it will appear a structural proximal curve, which will become rapidly hype-kyphotic. According to our observations, using this wrong design is associated to kyphotization of the proximal thoracic region and the thoracolumbar junction. Inclination of the upper part of the brace, looking for a kyphotization of the main thoracic scoliotic spine, has been used by other concepts, and it could work properly when combined with different forces, but not with the forces provided with a classical Chêneau-type brace

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The counter-rotation pad (component 2 of the proximal pad), in all the braces with a classical proximal pad, has to be perpendicular to the transversal plane when observed from the side. The brace is physiological in the middle sagittal plane but on the left side (for right thoracic/left lumbar) the sagittal profile is hyper-lordotic at the lumbar region, hyper-kyphotic at the main thoracic region, and flat and vertical at the proximal, with the counter-rotation pad acting as stopping point. Many orthotists build Chêneau-type brace with this point tilted to ventral, like shown in the figure, but this is a wrong design. When this wrong design is used in a Chêneau-type brace with its classical lumbar lordotic and ventral shapes, the sagittal configuration of the spine shall not be normalized like it is pretended with this proximal pad inclination, but contrary, the main thoracic spine will become even more lordotic and failing in the counter-rotation effect, it will appear a structural proximal curve, which will become rapidly hype-kyphotic. According to our observations, using this wrong design is associated to kyphotization of the proximal thoracic region and the thoracolumbar junction. Inclination of the upper part of the brace, looking for a kyphotization of the main thoracic scoliotic spine, has been used by other concepts, and it could work properly when combined with different forces, but not with the forces provided with a classical Chêneau-type brace

    Article Snippet: To clarify, some orthotists improperly use the name RSC when building their own Chêneau-type braces following these current principles; it exists in a CAD CAM version—a commercial product with the registered name of Rigo System Chêneau or RSC®—which uses a German company to reproduce braces from a library of original plaster moulds designed by the main author (MR), so the name RSC should not be used by those creating their own custom-made versions of the Rigo-Chêneau-type brace.

    Techniques:

    This figure shows the clinical picture and the modified Schroth’s schema of blocks for the functional three-curve pattern (3C). This functional pattern is called in Rigo classification A type. From observation of the clinical picture, the trunk can be here divided into three blocks or regions, with the main thoracic region affected by the main structural thoracic curve and the lower and upper trunk affected by both upper and lower compensations. The three consequent blocks are translated and rotated one against the other, collapsed on the concavities and expanded on the convexities. The main thoracic and proximal thoracic blocks are imbalanced to the right side according to the lower lumbo-pelvic block (including this last the central sacral line). The lumbo-pelvic block is translated to the left according to the polygon of sustentation, with the left hip joint in a relative adduction in comparison with the right hip joint. In case there is a lumbar structural curve, this is still coupled to the pelvis. The schema of blocks offers to the clinicians, physiotherapists, and orthotists a clear composition of the scoliotic phenomenon in 3D and can be taken as a guide for the 3D correction. When the main thoracic curve is convex to the right, the used term is “right 3D or right A type.” The mirror case exists and it is called “left 3C or A type”

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: This figure shows the clinical picture and the modified Schroth’s schema of blocks for the functional three-curve pattern (3C). This functional pattern is called in Rigo classification A type. From observation of the clinical picture, the trunk can be here divided into three blocks or regions, with the main thoracic region affected by the main structural thoracic curve and the lower and upper trunk affected by both upper and lower compensations. The three consequent blocks are translated and rotated one against the other, collapsed on the concavities and expanded on the convexities. The main thoracic and proximal thoracic blocks are imbalanced to the right side according to the lower lumbo-pelvic block (including this last the central sacral line). The lumbo-pelvic block is translated to the left according to the polygon of sustentation, with the left hip joint in a relative adduction in comparison with the right hip joint. In case there is a lumbar structural curve, this is still coupled to the pelvis. The schema of blocks offers to the clinicians, physiotherapists, and orthotists a clear composition of the scoliotic phenomenon in 3D and can be taken as a guide for the 3D correction. When the main thoracic curve is convex to the right, the used term is “right 3D or right A type.” The mirror case exists and it is called “left 3C or A type”

    Article Snippet: To clarify, some orthotists improperly use the name RSC when building their own Chêneau-type braces following these current principles; it exists in a CAD CAM version—a commercial product with the registered name of Rigo System Chêneau or RSC®—which uses a German company to reproduce braces from a library of original plaster moulds designed by the main author (MR), so the name RSC should not be used by those creating their own custom-made versions of the Rigo-Chêneau-type brace.

    Techniques: Modification, Functional Assay, Blocking Assay, Comparison

    This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks for the so-called non 3-non 4 curve pattern. This is called C type in Rigo classification. The trunk is also here divided into three blocks, like in A type, but there is a minimum translation and rotation of the main thoracic block against the two compensatory lower and upper bocks, which are both well-balanced on the polygon of sustentation. The main thoracic block is collapsed on the concavity and expanded on the convexity. The lower block can be also mildly collapsed on the concavity when there is a structural lumbar curve. The description on the figure is about thoracic curve convex to the side and is called “Right N3–N4 or C type.” The mirror case exists and it is called “left N3–N4 or C type”

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks for the so-called non 3-non 4 curve pattern. This is called C type in Rigo classification. The trunk is also here divided into three blocks, like in A type, but there is a minimum translation and rotation of the main thoracic block against the two compensatory lower and upper bocks, which are both well-balanced on the polygon of sustentation. The main thoracic block is collapsed on the concavity and expanded on the convexity. The lower block can be also mildly collapsed on the concavity when there is a structural lumbar curve. The description on the figure is about thoracic curve convex to the side and is called “Right N3–N4 or C type.” The mirror case exists and it is called “left N3–N4 or C type”

    Article Snippet: To clarify, some orthotists improperly use the name RSC when building their own Chêneau-type braces following these current principles; it exists in a CAD CAM version—a commercial product with the registered name of Rigo System Chêneau or RSC®—which uses a German company to reproduce braces from a library of original plaster moulds designed by the main author (MR), so the name RSC should not be used by those creating their own custom-made versions of the Rigo-Chêneau-type brace.

    Techniques: Blocking Assay

    This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks for the functional type defined by a single structural lumbar or thoracolumbar curve. This is called E type in Rigo classification. The trunk is also here divided into three blocks, but the term “3C” here is not a proper one according to the adopted terminology. In fact, looking at the lumbo-pelvic region, E type correlate better with “4C.” Pelvis and lumbar or thoracolumbar region are uncoupled, like in “B type.” Proximal to the lumbar or thoracolumbar curve, there is a unique block more or less symmetric. Trunk imbalance is to the side of the lumbar or thoracolumbar convexity and pelvis is prominent on the concave lumbar or thoracolumbar side. The two lower blocks are translated and rotated one against the other, collapsing in both concavities

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks for the functional type defined by a single structural lumbar or thoracolumbar curve. This is called E type in Rigo classification. The trunk is also here divided into three blocks, but the term “3C” here is not a proper one according to the adopted terminology. In fact, looking at the lumbo-pelvic region, E type correlate better with “4C.” Pelvis and lumbar or thoracolumbar region are uncoupled, like in “B type.” Proximal to the lumbar or thoracolumbar curve, there is a unique block more or less symmetric. Trunk imbalance is to the side of the lumbar or thoracolumbar convexity and pelvis is prominent on the concave lumbar or thoracolumbar side. The two lower blocks are translated and rotated one against the other, collapsing in both concavities

    Article Snippet: To clarify, some orthotists improperly use the name RSC when building their own Chêneau-type braces following these current principles; it exists in a CAD CAM version—a commercial product with the registered name of Rigo System Chêneau or RSC®—which uses a German company to reproduce braces from a library of original plaster moulds designed by the main author (MR), so the name RSC should not be used by those creating their own custom-made versions of the Rigo-Chêneau-type brace.

    Techniques: Functional Assay, Blocking Assay

    The third 3C compatible curve pattern is the composite “major main thoracic”/“minor lumbar.” Both curves are structural but lumbar is a more flexible, minor, probably secondary curve. This is called A3 type and the second radiological criteria to confirm 3C is the TP offset to the convex thoracic side, like in A1 and A2 types. Due to the lumbar structural curve, it is wrongly taken like 4C by many Chêneau followers, but a structural lumbar curve is not criterion enough to decide about using a 4C brace design. It can be combined, like most of types by a primary or secondary or iatrogenic proximal thoracic curve

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The third 3C compatible curve pattern is the composite “major main thoracic”/“minor lumbar.” Both curves are structural but lumbar is a more flexible, minor, probably secondary curve. This is called A3 type and the second radiological criteria to confirm 3C is the TP offset to the convex thoracic side, like in A1 and A2 types. Due to the lumbar structural curve, it is wrongly taken like 4C by many Chêneau followers, but a structural lumbar curve is not criterion enough to decide about using a 4C brace design. It can be combined, like most of types by a primary or secondary or iatrogenic proximal thoracic curve

    Article Snippet: To clarify, some orthotists improperly use the name RSC when building their own Chêneau-type braces following these current principles; it exists in a CAD CAM version—a commercial product with the registered name of Rigo System Chêneau or RSC®—which uses a German company to reproduce braces from a library of original plaster moulds designed by the main author (MR), so the name RSC should not be used by those creating their own custom-made versions of the Rigo-Chêneau-type brace.

    Techniques:

    This figure shows the corrective principles for a classic single structural thoracic curve with no lumbar or mild lumbar functional curve and spinal imbalance to the convex thoracic side (defined later as A2 type in Rigo classification). “Regional derotation” affects the main thoracic region against the lumbo-pelvic region and the proximal thoracic region. The main thoracic pad (level A) is narrower than in the previous case (A1 type). Consequently, the lumbar support (level D) is wider that in the previous case. Pelvic section is asymmetric also but closed on both sides, with a short left pelvic pad (just infra-iliac) and a right counter-trochanter pad (just supra-trochanter, with a specific shape to fix down the right trochanter. This pelvic design provides a stable fixation and level of the pelvis in the frontal plane. Proximal region is exactly like in the previous case (see Fig. ). A1 and A2 type are both considered functionally three-curve scoliosis (see Rigo classification), so these two designs are also called “three curves brace design“ (3C). When a main structural thoracic curve is associated to a structural curve (always minor and more functional) and spinal balance is still to the convex thoracic side we still classify as three curves functional type or A3 type in Rigo classification. The design for A3 is like A2, just with a stronger lumbar support. A2 type design uses a main “three-point system” and a secondary “three-point system,” formed by the most caudal counter-trochanter pad, the medium left pelvic + lumbar support and the cranial right thoracic pad

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: This figure shows the corrective principles for a classic single structural thoracic curve with no lumbar or mild lumbar functional curve and spinal imbalance to the convex thoracic side (defined later as A2 type in Rigo classification). “Regional derotation” affects the main thoracic region against the lumbo-pelvic region and the proximal thoracic region. The main thoracic pad (level A) is narrower than in the previous case (A1 type). Consequently, the lumbar support (level D) is wider that in the previous case. Pelvic section is asymmetric also but closed on both sides, with a short left pelvic pad (just infra-iliac) and a right counter-trochanter pad (just supra-trochanter, with a specific shape to fix down the right trochanter. This pelvic design provides a stable fixation and level of the pelvis in the frontal plane. Proximal region is exactly like in the previous case (see Fig. ). A1 and A2 type are both considered functionally three-curve scoliosis (see Rigo classification), so these two designs are also called “three curves brace design“ (3C). When a main structural thoracic curve is associated to a structural curve (always minor and more functional) and spinal balance is still to the convex thoracic side we still classify as three curves functional type or A3 type in Rigo classification. The design for A3 is like A2, just with a stronger lumbar support. A2 type design uses a main “three-point system” and a secondary “three-point system,” formed by the most caudal counter-trochanter pad, the medium left pelvic + lumbar support and the cranial right thoracic pad

    Article Snippet: To clarify, some orthotists improperly use the name RSC when building their own Chêneau-type braces following these current principles; it exists in a CAD CAM version—a commercial product with the registered name of Rigo System Chêneau or RSC®—which uses a German company to reproduce braces from a library of original plaster moulds designed by the main author (MR), so the name RSC should not be used by those creating their own custom-made versions of the Rigo-Chêneau-type brace.

    Techniques: Functional Assay

    Jacques Chêneau in Bad Sobernheim (Germany) circa 1998. Photo by Sanomed

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Jacques Chêneau in Bad Sobernheim (Germany) circa 1998. Photo by Sanomed

    Article Snippet: Since 2002, the results of this proposition have been shared with many orthotists, MDs, and PTs during a yearly course offered at the Bundesfaschule für Orthopadie Technik (BUFA) under the name of “Chêneau Korsett nach Rigo,” and have been partially published in two papers [ , ].

    Techniques:

    Chêneau classification recognized two types: three curves and four curves, corresponding to simple structural and double structural. This classification was introduced early in the 1990s but considered insufficient later by some expert clinicians

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Chêneau classification recognized two types: three curves and four curves, corresponding to simple structural and double structural. This classification was introduced early in the 1990s but considered insufficient later by some expert clinicians

    Article Snippet: Since 2002, the results of this proposition have been shared with many orthotists, MDs, and PTs during a yearly course offered at the Bundesfaschule für Orthopadie Technik (BUFA) under the name of “Chêneau Korsett nach Rigo,” and have been partially published in two papers [ , ].

    Techniques:

    This adolescent was first seen with a right thoracic curve measuring 35°. She was recommend wearing a Chêneau-type brace and received a totally wrong designed brace (deficient four-curve design for her three-curve pattern). The X-ray in brace showed an increased angle of 48° with a change in the curve pattern, adding on the curve some lumbar vertebrae due to the inexplicably strong left thoracolumbar pad. The girl was recommended to continue wearing the wrong brace with no modifications. One year later, a new X-ray out-brace showed a curve progression to 55° Cobb. The persistence of the original curve pattern, demonstrated the improper action of the left thoracolumbar pad, real cause of a temporary in-brace adding on phenomenon

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: This adolescent was first seen with a right thoracic curve measuring 35°. She was recommend wearing a Chêneau-type brace and received a totally wrong designed brace (deficient four-curve design for her three-curve pattern). The X-ray in brace showed an increased angle of 48° with a change in the curve pattern, adding on the curve some lumbar vertebrae due to the inexplicably strong left thoracolumbar pad. The girl was recommended to continue wearing the wrong brace with no modifications. One year later, a new X-ray out-brace showed a curve progression to 55° Cobb. The persistence of the original curve pattern, demonstrated the improper action of the left thoracolumbar pad, real cause of a temporary in-brace adding on phenomenon

    Article Snippet: Since 2002, the results of this proposition have been shared with many orthotists, MDs, and PTs during a yearly course offered at the Bundesfaschule für Orthopadie Technik (BUFA) under the name of “Chêneau Korsett nach Rigo,” and have been partially published in two papers [ , ].

    Techniques:

    This figure shows the corrective principles for a single long-low thoracic curve with the apical vertebra still in the main-low thoracic region (described later as A1 type in Rigo classification): “regional derotation” and “three-point system.” The region of the trunk affected by the single structural curve is over-derotated to the left (yellow line A) throughout a dorsal-lateral pad and a ventral pad, against the two caudal and cranial regions. Pelvis and lower lumbar regions (B + D) are fixed in the frontal plane of reference (0° of rotation). The pelvis section of the brace is asymmetric, with the lateral-dorsal part opened in the right side and supported by left lumbar contact as well as anterior abdominal contact. The proximal thoracic region (C) is also fixed in the frontal plane of reference with a dorsal left counter-rotation pad. A left lateral to medial pad acts in the proximal thoracic region as the third proximal point of the “three-point system.” The lateral component of the dorsal-lateral pad is the second point, on the right side. The left pelvis section together with the lateral component of the left lumbar support acts as the first caudal point of the system. The brace provides a left lateral-dorsal and a ventral right expansion rooms to facilitate breathing expansion and growth. The dorsal-lateral and anterior pads forming the pair of forces for derotation work both at the same level (maximum force at the apical level). This original design—A1 type—has shown to produce the highest percentage of in-brace correction

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: This figure shows the corrective principles for a single long-low thoracic curve with the apical vertebra still in the main-low thoracic region (described later as A1 type in Rigo classification): “regional derotation” and “three-point system.” The region of the trunk affected by the single structural curve is over-derotated to the left (yellow line A) throughout a dorsal-lateral pad and a ventral pad, against the two caudal and cranial regions. Pelvis and lower lumbar regions (B + D) are fixed in the frontal plane of reference (0° of rotation). The pelvis section of the brace is asymmetric, with the lateral-dorsal part opened in the right side and supported by left lumbar contact as well as anterior abdominal contact. The proximal thoracic region (C) is also fixed in the frontal plane of reference with a dorsal left counter-rotation pad. A left lateral to medial pad acts in the proximal thoracic region as the third proximal point of the “three-point system.” The lateral component of the dorsal-lateral pad is the second point, on the right side. The left pelvis section together with the lateral component of the left lumbar support acts as the first caudal point of the system. The brace provides a left lateral-dorsal and a ventral right expansion rooms to facilitate breathing expansion and growth. The dorsal-lateral and anterior pads forming the pair of forces for derotation work both at the same level (maximum force at the apical level). This original design—A1 type—has shown to produce the highest percentage of in-brace correction

    Article Snippet: Since 2002, the results of this proposition have been shared with many orthotists, MDs, and PTs during a yearly course offered at the Bundesfaschule für Orthopadie Technik (BUFA) under the name of “Chêneau Korsett nach Rigo,” and have been partially published in two papers [ , ].

    Techniques:

    This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks or regions for a four-curve pattern. This is called B type in Rigo classification. This type is characterized by a lumbosacral compensatory curve. The trunk is consequently divided into four blocks or regions, translated and rotated one against the other, collapsed on the concavities and expanded on the convexities. The three upper blocks, lumbar or thoracolumbar, main thoracic and proximal thoracic are imbalanced to the left according to the most caudal pelvic block (including this last the central sacral line). Pelvis is translated to the right according to the polygon of sustentation, so right hip joint is in relative adduction in comparison with left hip joint. This description corresponds to a “right 4C or B type.” The mirror case exists for a left convex thoracic curve combined with right lumbar or thoracolumbar and it is called “left 4C or B type”

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks or regions for a four-curve pattern. This is called B type in Rigo classification. This type is characterized by a lumbosacral compensatory curve. The trunk is consequently divided into four blocks or regions, translated and rotated one against the other, collapsed on the concavities and expanded on the convexities. The three upper blocks, lumbar or thoracolumbar, main thoracic and proximal thoracic are imbalanced to the left according to the most caudal pelvic block (including this last the central sacral line). Pelvis is translated to the right according to the polygon of sustentation, so right hip joint is in relative adduction in comparison with left hip joint. This description corresponds to a “right 4C or B type.” The mirror case exists for a left convex thoracic curve combined with right lumbar or thoracolumbar and it is called “left 4C or B type”

    Article Snippet: Since 2002, the results of this proposition have been shared with many orthotists, MDs, and PTs during a yearly course offered at the Bundesfaschule für Orthopadie Technik (BUFA) under the name of “Chêneau Korsett nach Rigo,” and have been partially published in two papers [ , ].

    Techniques: Blocking Assay, Comparison

    This figure shows four different brace designs. All of them are physiological at the middle sagittal plane but their very market asymmetric design makes them appear very different when observed from one side or the other. First one is an A1 type, second is A2, third is B1, and last E1 (names according to the Rigo classification and brace design)

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: This figure shows four different brace designs. All of them are physiological at the middle sagittal plane but their very market asymmetric design makes them appear very different when observed from one side or the other. First one is an A1 type, second is A2, third is B1, and last E1 (names according to the Rigo classification and brace design)

    Article Snippet: Since 2002, the results of this proposition have been shared with many orthotists, MDs, and PTs during a yearly course offered at the Bundesfaschule für Orthopadie Technik (BUFA) under the name of “Chêneau Korsett nach Rigo,” and have been partially published in two papers [ , ].

    Techniques:

    The counter-rotation pad (component 2 of the proximal pad), in all the braces with a classical proximal pad, has to be perpendicular to the transversal plane when observed from the side. The brace is physiological in the middle sagittal plane but on the left side (for right thoracic/left lumbar) the sagittal profile is hyper-lordotic at the lumbar region, hyper-kyphotic at the main thoracic region, and flat and vertical at the proximal, with the counter-rotation pad acting as stopping point. Many orthotists build Chêneau-type brace with this point tilted to ventral, like shown in the figure, but this is a wrong design. When this wrong design is used in a Chêneau-type brace with its classical lumbar lordotic and ventral shapes, the sagittal configuration of the spine shall not be normalized like it is pretended with this proximal pad inclination, but contrary, the main thoracic spine will become even more lordotic and failing in the counter-rotation effect, it will appear a structural proximal curve, which will become rapidly hype-kyphotic. According to our observations, using this wrong design is associated to kyphotization of the proximal thoracic region and the thoracolumbar junction. Inclination of the upper part of the brace, looking for a kyphotization of the main thoracic scoliotic spine, has been used by other concepts, and it could work properly when combined with different forces, but not with the forces provided with a classical Chêneau-type brace

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The counter-rotation pad (component 2 of the proximal pad), in all the braces with a classical proximal pad, has to be perpendicular to the transversal plane when observed from the side. The brace is physiological in the middle sagittal plane but on the left side (for right thoracic/left lumbar) the sagittal profile is hyper-lordotic at the lumbar region, hyper-kyphotic at the main thoracic region, and flat and vertical at the proximal, with the counter-rotation pad acting as stopping point. Many orthotists build Chêneau-type brace with this point tilted to ventral, like shown in the figure, but this is a wrong design. When this wrong design is used in a Chêneau-type brace with its classical lumbar lordotic and ventral shapes, the sagittal configuration of the spine shall not be normalized like it is pretended with this proximal pad inclination, but contrary, the main thoracic spine will become even more lordotic and failing in the counter-rotation effect, it will appear a structural proximal curve, which will become rapidly hype-kyphotic. According to our observations, using this wrong design is associated to kyphotization of the proximal thoracic region and the thoracolumbar junction. Inclination of the upper part of the brace, looking for a kyphotization of the main thoracic scoliotic spine, has been used by other concepts, and it could work properly when combined with different forces, but not with the forces provided with a classical Chêneau-type brace

    Article Snippet: Since 2002, the results of this proposition have been shared with many orthotists, MDs, and PTs during a yearly course offered at the Bundesfaschule für Orthopadie Technik (BUFA) under the name of “Chêneau Korsett nach Rigo,” and have been partially published in two papers [ , ].

    Techniques:

    This figure shows the clinical picture and the modified Schroth’s schema of blocks for the functional three-curve pattern (3C). This functional pattern is called in Rigo classification A type. From observation of the clinical picture, the trunk can be here divided into three blocks or regions, with the main thoracic region affected by the main structural thoracic curve and the lower and upper trunk affected by both upper and lower compensations. The three consequent blocks are translated and rotated one against the other, collapsed on the concavities and expanded on the convexities. The main thoracic and proximal thoracic blocks are imbalanced to the right side according to the lower lumbo-pelvic block (including this last the central sacral line). The lumbo-pelvic block is translated to the left according to the polygon of sustentation, with the left hip joint in a relative adduction in comparison with the right hip joint. In case there is a lumbar structural curve, this is still coupled to the pelvis. The schema of blocks offers to the clinicians, physiotherapists, and orthotists a clear composition of the scoliotic phenomenon in 3D and can be taken as a guide for the 3D correction. When the main thoracic curve is convex to the right, the used term is “right 3D or right A type.” The mirror case exists and it is called “left 3C or A type”

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: This figure shows the clinical picture and the modified Schroth’s schema of blocks for the functional three-curve pattern (3C). This functional pattern is called in Rigo classification A type. From observation of the clinical picture, the trunk can be here divided into three blocks or regions, with the main thoracic region affected by the main structural thoracic curve and the lower and upper trunk affected by both upper and lower compensations. The three consequent blocks are translated and rotated one against the other, collapsed on the concavities and expanded on the convexities. The main thoracic and proximal thoracic blocks are imbalanced to the right side according to the lower lumbo-pelvic block (including this last the central sacral line). The lumbo-pelvic block is translated to the left according to the polygon of sustentation, with the left hip joint in a relative adduction in comparison with the right hip joint. In case there is a lumbar structural curve, this is still coupled to the pelvis. The schema of blocks offers to the clinicians, physiotherapists, and orthotists a clear composition of the scoliotic phenomenon in 3D and can be taken as a guide for the 3D correction. When the main thoracic curve is convex to the right, the used term is “right 3D or right A type.” The mirror case exists and it is called “left 3C or A type”

    Article Snippet: Since 2002, the results of this proposition have been shared with many orthotists, MDs, and PTs during a yearly course offered at the Bundesfaschule für Orthopadie Technik (BUFA) under the name of “Chêneau Korsett nach Rigo,” and have been partially published in two papers [ , ].

    Techniques: Modification, Functional Assay, Blocking Assay, Comparison

    This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks for the so-called non 3-non 4 curve pattern. This is called C type in Rigo classification. The trunk is also here divided into three blocks, like in A type, but there is a minimum translation and rotation of the main thoracic block against the two compensatory lower and upper bocks, which are both well-balanced on the polygon of sustentation. The main thoracic block is collapsed on the concavity and expanded on the convexity. The lower block can be also mildly collapsed on the concavity when there is a structural lumbar curve. The description on the figure is about thoracic curve convex to the side and is called “Right N3–N4 or C type.” The mirror case exists and it is called “left N3–N4 or C type”

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks for the so-called non 3-non 4 curve pattern. This is called C type in Rigo classification. The trunk is also here divided into three blocks, like in A type, but there is a minimum translation and rotation of the main thoracic block against the two compensatory lower and upper bocks, which are both well-balanced on the polygon of sustentation. The main thoracic block is collapsed on the concavity and expanded on the convexity. The lower block can be also mildly collapsed on the concavity when there is a structural lumbar curve. The description on the figure is about thoracic curve convex to the side and is called “Right N3–N4 or C type.” The mirror case exists and it is called “left N3–N4 or C type”

    Article Snippet: Since 2002, the results of this proposition have been shared with many orthotists, MDs, and PTs during a yearly course offered at the Bundesfaschule für Orthopadie Technik (BUFA) under the name of “Chêneau Korsett nach Rigo,” and have been partially published in two papers [ , ].

    Techniques: Blocking Assay

    This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks for the functional type defined by a single structural lumbar or thoracolumbar curve. This is called E type in Rigo classification. The trunk is also here divided into three blocks, but the term “3C” here is not a proper one according to the adopted terminology. In fact, looking at the lumbo-pelvic region, E type correlate better with “4C.” Pelvis and lumbar or thoracolumbar region are uncoupled, like in “B type.” Proximal to the lumbar or thoracolumbar curve, there is a unique block more or less symmetric. Trunk imbalance is to the side of the lumbar or thoracolumbar convexity and pelvis is prominent on the concave lumbar or thoracolumbar side. The two lower blocks are translated and rotated one against the other, collapsing in both concavities

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: This figure shows the clinical picture and schema of blocks for the functional type defined by a single structural lumbar or thoracolumbar curve. This is called E type in Rigo classification. The trunk is also here divided into three blocks, but the term “3C” here is not a proper one according to the adopted terminology. In fact, looking at the lumbo-pelvic region, E type correlate better with “4C.” Pelvis and lumbar or thoracolumbar region are uncoupled, like in “B type.” Proximal to the lumbar or thoracolumbar curve, there is a unique block more or less symmetric. Trunk imbalance is to the side of the lumbar or thoracolumbar convexity and pelvis is prominent on the concave lumbar or thoracolumbar side. The two lower blocks are translated and rotated one against the other, collapsing in both concavities

    Article Snippet: Since 2002, the results of this proposition have been shared with many orthotists, MDs, and PTs during a yearly course offered at the Bundesfaschule für Orthopadie Technik (BUFA) under the name of “Chêneau Korsett nach Rigo,” and have been partially published in two papers [ , ].

    Techniques: Functional Assay, Blocking Assay

    The third 3C compatible curve pattern is the composite “major main thoracic”/“minor lumbar.” Both curves are structural but lumbar is a more flexible, minor, probably secondary curve. This is called A3 type and the second radiological criteria to confirm 3C is the TP offset to the convex thoracic side, like in A1 and A2 types. Due to the lumbar structural curve, it is wrongly taken like 4C by many Chêneau followers, but a structural lumbar curve is not criterion enough to decide about using a 4C brace design. It can be combined, like most of types by a primary or secondary or iatrogenic proximal thoracic curve

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The third 3C compatible curve pattern is the composite “major main thoracic”/“minor lumbar.” Both curves are structural but lumbar is a more flexible, minor, probably secondary curve. This is called A3 type and the second radiological criteria to confirm 3C is the TP offset to the convex thoracic side, like in A1 and A2 types. Due to the lumbar structural curve, it is wrongly taken like 4C by many Chêneau followers, but a structural lumbar curve is not criterion enough to decide about using a 4C brace design. It can be combined, like most of types by a primary or secondary or iatrogenic proximal thoracic curve

    Article Snippet: Since 2002, the results of this proposition have been shared with many orthotists, MDs, and PTs during a yearly course offered at the Bundesfaschule für Orthopadie Technik (BUFA) under the name of “Chêneau Korsett nach Rigo,” and have been partially published in two papers [ , ].

    Techniques:

    This figure shows the corrective principles for a classic single structural thoracic curve with no lumbar or mild lumbar functional curve and spinal imbalance to the convex thoracic side (defined later as A2 type in Rigo classification). “Regional derotation” affects the main thoracic region against the lumbo-pelvic region and the proximal thoracic region. The main thoracic pad (level A) is narrower than in the previous case (A1 type). Consequently, the lumbar support (level D) is wider that in the previous case. Pelvic section is asymmetric also but closed on both sides, with a short left pelvic pad (just infra-iliac) and a right counter-trochanter pad (just supra-trochanter, with a specific shape to fix down the right trochanter. This pelvic design provides a stable fixation and level of the pelvis in the frontal plane. Proximal region is exactly like in the previous case (see Fig. ). A1 and A2 type are both considered functionally three-curve scoliosis (see Rigo classification), so these two designs are also called “three curves brace design“ (3C). When a main structural thoracic curve is associated to a structural curve (always minor and more functional) and spinal balance is still to the convex thoracic side we still classify as three curves functional type or A3 type in Rigo classification. The design for A3 is like A2, just with a stronger lumbar support. A2 type design uses a main “three-point system” and a secondary “three-point system,” formed by the most caudal counter-trochanter pad, the medium left pelvic + lumbar support and the cranial right thoracic pad

    Journal: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders

    Article Title: Brace technology thematic series: the 3D Rigo Chêneau-type brace

    doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0114-2

    Figure Lengend Snippet: This figure shows the corrective principles for a classic single structural thoracic curve with no lumbar or mild lumbar functional curve and spinal imbalance to the convex thoracic side (defined later as A2 type in Rigo classification). “Regional derotation” affects the main thoracic region against the lumbo-pelvic region and the proximal thoracic region. The main thoracic pad (level A) is narrower than in the previous case (A1 type). Consequently, the lumbar support (level D) is wider that in the previous case. Pelvic section is asymmetric also but closed on both sides, with a short left pelvic pad (just infra-iliac) and a right counter-trochanter pad (just supra-trochanter, with a specific shape to fix down the right trochanter. This pelvic design provides a stable fixation and level of the pelvis in the frontal plane. Proximal region is exactly like in the previous case (see Fig. ). A1 and A2 type are both considered functionally three-curve scoliosis (see Rigo classification), so these two designs are also called “three curves brace design“ (3C). When a main structural thoracic curve is associated to a structural curve (always minor and more functional) and spinal balance is still to the convex thoracic side we still classify as three curves functional type or A3 type in Rigo classification. The design for A3 is like A2, just with a stronger lumbar support. A2 type design uses a main “three-point system” and a secondary “three-point system,” formed by the most caudal counter-trochanter pad, the medium left pelvic + lumbar support and the cranial right thoracic pad

    Article Snippet: Since 2002, the results of this proposition have been shared with many orthotists, MDs, and PTs during a yearly course offered at the Bundesfaschule für Orthopadie Technik (BUFA) under the name of “Chêneau Korsett nach Rigo,” and have been partially published in two papers [ , ].

    Techniques: Functional Assay